![]() These fluctuating zero-point fields lead to a kind of reintroduction of an aether in physics since some systems can detect the existence of this energy. ![]() According to quantum field theory, the universe can be thought of not as isolated particles but continuous fluctuating fields: matter fields, whose quanta are fermions (i.e., leptons and quarks), and force fields, whose quanta are bosons (e.g., photons and gluons). Apart from atoms and molecules, the empty space of the vacuum also has these properties. Therefore, even at absolute zero, atoms and molecules retain some vibrational motion. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. ![]() ![]() Zero-point energy ( ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. ![]()
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